PERIODIZATION OF FOUR MAIN INDICATOR OF PENCAK SILAT OLAHRAGA


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Shapie, M. N. M (12) & Mimi Shuhada , M. (1)

1. Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Rekreasi, Universiti Teknologi Mara, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor

ABSTRACT


            The purpose of this study is to find out about the difference between the winner and loser exponent in Silat Olahraga for men category. The video was use to indicate and find out the result. The videotape from Pencak Silat Tanding Category A, B and C in Sea Games 2015 has been selected to be analyzed where the subject was involved in the match from the SEA Games 2015 in Singapore. The indicator in Silat that had chosen to be analyses is Punch, Kick, Topple, and Sweep. The punch attack is done by a hand with a closed fist hitting the target. In Silat, punching is often used to fight the opponent. It can be a straight punch or uppercut to the exponent body’s. The kick is an attacking movement which is performed with one leg or two legs simultaneously. A kick can be aimed at any target. It can be front kick, side-kick or semi-circular side kick. Topple is a Silat exponent ‘pesilat’ can either push, shove the opponent’s back leg from the bag or from the side, shove, hit, kick, strike or punch to make the opponent lose his balance. Sweeping involves attacking an opponent’s leg which is on the ground to unstable him and bring down to the ground. The punch indicator as can see from the result table show that the difference result between the winner and loser exponent was big which the difference is about 35 punching where the 45 punch had been throw by the loser exponent and just 10 punch by winner exponent. The topple skills in silat competition which the total is 34 try where the loser exponent only done the topple skills about 27 times. Lastly, the sweep indicator as show in the table, the winner exponent had done the sweep skills nine times more than the loser exponent.


INTRODUCTION


The first word of Pencak Silat was use while the organization of the unity of Pencak schools and Silat schools in Indonesia was founded in Surakarta in 1948, which called IkatanPencakSilat Indonesia (The Indonesian PencakSilat Association), abbreviated as IPSI had build (Kartomi, 2011). Now, the martial art of silat has known widely around the world with the many establishments of the silat organizations such as in Malaysia (Persekutuan Silat Kabangsaan (PESAKA), Singapore (Persekutuan Silat Singapura (PERSISI) and Brunei Darussalam (Persekutuan Silat Kabangsaan Brunei Darussalam (PERSIB). Other than that Aziz, Tan, and Teh (2002) added that the traditional art form had since been modified into a structured competitive sport. The sport’s world controlling body, the International PencakSilat Federation includes member countries such as the US, Japan and many European nations (International PencakSilat Federation, 1999). There are various internationally sanctioned competitions such as the European Championship inaugurated in 1985, Southeast Asian Games (since 1987) and World Championships (since 1982) where the competition had been held at the countries that don’t have any background about silat.
Based on Shapie, Nizam, Oliver, O'Donoghue, and Tong (2013) Silat exponent’s motions was coded into 14 different types of movements, such as punch, kick, block, catch, topple, sweep, evade/dodge, self-release, block and punch, block and kick, block and sweep, fake punch, fake kick and others. Nonetheless, in this performance analysis, there will be having four major indicators including punch, kick, topple and sweep. Usually, for the fighting or sparing, the players will be categorized according to their weight. There are 11 classes, which starts from class A until class K (Latiff, 2012) but for this purpose of study, the class category that will be taken is in male categorized from class A until C only, and the main country that will be the aim is Vietnam.


MATERIAL AND METHOD


            The four video copy of the silat olahraga match on the Pencak Silat Tanding 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015 was been use to investigate in this study. For this study all the video consist the match of the pesilat from Vietnam. A Vietnam pesilat was choose as a main pesilat to indicate the notation of the motion during the competition with others country. The video consist of the male weight category from class A (50kg) at a final competition, quarterfinal from class B (55kg) and quarterfinal and semi final from category class C which is 60 kg. All the video was choosing based on the winning pesilat from the same country. The notation of the pesilat motion based on the indicator has take during the video was play. Video sequences were repeated where necessary and to allow accurate measurement of each movement category. The video could be paused and played back frame-by-frame for ease of use.
The indication for this study as below:

Punch: The punch attack is done by a hand with a closed fist hitting the target. In punching is often used to fight the opponent. It can be a straight punch or uppercut to the exponent body’s.

Kick: The kick is an attacking movement which is performed with one leg or two legs simultaneously. A kick can be aimed at any target. It can be front kick, side-kick or semi-circular side kick.

Block: The blocking movements begin with the posture position: the exponent stands straight with his hands around his body or close to his chest. Blocking or parrying can be done using arms, elbows and legs with the purpose to block off or striking back at any attack.

Catch: The catch is done by using the hand to obstruct the opponent from carrying out an attack. The silat exponent is able to prevent himself from being attacked by pointing the attack which he has caught to another direction. A catch which twists or drags the opponent is forbidden.

Topple: There are various ways of toppling down one’s opponent. For example, a silat exponent ‘pesilat’ can either push, shove the opponent’s back leg from the bag or from the side, shove, hit, kick, strike or punch to make the opponent lose his balance. Every fall is considered valid as long as the silat exponent topples his opponent down without wrestling or he is able to overpower the opponent whom he has brought down.

Sweep: Swiping involves attacking an opponent’s leg which are on the ground to unstable him and bring down to the ground. A silat exponent can perform this attacking movement either with his right or left leg, hence, front sweep is done by swinging the leg to the front to push an opponent’s front leg, while back sweep is carried out by swinging the leg backward to hit the back leg.

Evade/Dodge: The evade technique is carried out by silat exponent when he tries to evade an attack. This technique does not require the silat exponent to touch the opponent in fending off the attack. They are many ways of carrying out his defensive movement such as dodging, retreat, evasion to the side, bending, jumping, ducking and etc.

Self-Release: Self-release technique is a technique to unlock any clinch or catch from an opponent.

Block and Punch: The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the hand to punch the opponent.

Block and Kick: The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the leg to kick the opponent.

Block and Sweep: The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using sweeping technique to the opponent.

Fake Punch: An action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake punch to break his opponent’s defensive posture.

Fake Kick: An action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake kick to break his opponent defensive posture.

Others: Both silat exponents are either in posture position or coming close to each other using silat step pattern. All the activities are considered high intensity except for others which at that time both silat exponents are in low intensity periods.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS


The observation of the frequencies of the number all indicators and a four main movement that give a reason how the pesilat can win the competition was recorded. Winner notation indicator for category Men Class A (50kg) final, Men Class B (55kg) quarterfinal, Men Class C (60kg) quarterfinal and semi-final was choose for observation.


Action
Outcome
Class A
 (Final)
Class B
(3rd Final)
Class C
(3rd Final)
Class C
(Semi-Final)
Total
Evade
2
3
7
6
18
Block


5
6
11
Catch
7
2
4
9
22
Self Release
6
2
2

10
Block and Sweep
1


5
6
Block and Punch



3
3
Block and Kick
2

1
2
5
Fake Kick

6

1
7
Fake Punch


1

1
Other
4
7
9
8
28
Total
22
20
29
40
111
Table 1:  General frequency of movements and results verified during a silat competition


Winner Four Main Indicator

Action
Outcome
Hit Target
Hit Elsewhere
Miss Opponent
Not Accessible
Full data
Punch
10



10
Kick
25
9
5

39
Topple
13

17
4
34
Sweep
10

12
1
23
Total
58
9
34
5
106
Table 2: Frequency indicators of winner

Loser Four Main Indicator

Action
Outcome
Hit Target
Hit Elsewhere
Miss Opponent
Not Accessible
Full data
Punch
34
2
9

45
Kick
16
16
15

47
Topple
7

15
5
27
Sweep
7

5
2
14
Total
64
18
44
7
133
Table 3: Frequency indicators of loser

RESULT

Summary indicator result of the competition
Exponent
Punch
Kick
Topple
Sweep
Total
Winner
10
39
34
23
106
Loser
45
47
27
14
133
Total
55
86
61
37
239
Table 4: Frequency indicators of two fighters for four main movements

DISCUSSION


           The entire variable was not too notable except for the Punch, Kick, Topple and Sweep. Every variable has divide into three other indicator which is Hit Target, Hit Elsewhere and Miss Opponent. For the punch indicator as can see from the result table show that the difference result between the winner and loser exponent was big which the difference is about 35 punching where the 45 punch had been throw by the loser exponent and just 10 punch by winner exponent. This is might because of the accuracy of throw punch by the winner exponent is higher than the loser exponent. Even though if compare to the kicking, the frequency of punching is lower than the kicking. From the other side punching show the result where the chance for the punching to not be hitting or miss the opponent is lower, this can be say that the punching indicator has a higher accuracy. This result also had been said from the past study where the frequency of punching is lower than kicking, the high percentage of hitting the target showed that punching is the most successful action for a silat exponent to get a point in competition (Shapie, M. et al., 2013).
            Next, the frequency of topple between the winner and loser exponent shows that the winner exponent had done the topple skills in silat competition which the total is 34 try where the loser exponent only done the topple skills about 27 times. If we relates this to the silat competition scoring, the topple skills where it need to make the opponent down has a higher score compare to the other technique. The score for the direct attack that successfully drop the opponent is three (3) and for successfully grabbing the opponent’s leg followed by a successful dropping technique can get the score one plus three (1+3). With this we can assume the reason of the winner exponent can win the competition is because they choose the skill or technique where can give them a higher score to be the winner rather than the skills which had a lower score result.
            Lastly, the sweep indicator as show in the table, the winner exponent had done the sweep skills nine times more than the loser exponent. The purposed of performing sweep is to make the opponent lose their balance and at the same time as a chance to make them down for collecting the score. From the table 2, even the result of the winner miss the opponent is higher than the loser but the result for the hit target and miss the opponent at the winner side is higher than the loser. For this what we can say is it might be because the loser opponent is to hesitate in taking the action or to hasty in catch up the score that make them repeatedly fail for the actions.

CONCLUSION

               
            As the conclusion, this study is about to analyses the between the winner and the loser exponent in Silat Olahraga by post-event analysis from SEA Games in Singapore 2015. The study was complemented by the extensive work and other studies carried out by (Shapie, Oliver, O'Donoghue, & Tong, 2013). From this study it can help to improve the understanding of information for the Silat looking at the performance in high intensity and low intensity action. The video that consist the Silat Olahraga competition had use for this study to analyses the performance indicator. The winner and loser has been analysed by four criteria such as punch, topple, sweep, and kick.
            From the discussion we can say that the topple and sweep skills is a skills that the winner choose during the competition as a strategies to gain a benefit from the higher scoring. Topple is a good movement which can lead to 3 points for every successful takedown compare to kicking which is only 2 points but to has the good ability top done the topple, the silat exponent should improve they muscle strength first. Since to take down the opponent, exponent had to use more energy and strength or their can lose the opponent.






RECOMMENDATION


            It is recommendation for the silat exponent to improve their skill especially in a topple, self release skills and increases in accuracy at their training program. . Based on the result, the main factor to win the match is come from punching that surely hit the target, so it is suggested that the exponent must find the opportunity to punch their opponent as much as they can because they will get only one point for one punch. Meanwhile, the exponent need to reduce the frequency of punch hit elsewhere because there is no point given for that punch. For the sweep skill, in order to decrease the frequency of missed target, the fighter need to focus, currently in good position and try to read opponent’s next movement. Topple that hit the target is so important because it gives the fighter so much points. So, the recommendation here is the fighter must tightly grab the opponent so that he will not escape and can be taken down.




REFERENCES

Aziz, A. R., Tan, B., & Teh, K. C. (2002). Physiological responses during matches and profile of elite pencak silat exponents. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 1, 147-155.

Kartomi, M. (2011). Traditional and modern forms of pencak silat in indonesia: The suku mamak in riau. Musicology Australia, 33(1), 47-68. doi:10.1080/08145857.2011.580716

Latiff, Z. A. (2012). Revisiting pencak silat: The malay martial arts in theatre practice and actor training. Asian Theatre Journal, 29(2), 380-401.

Shapie, M., Nizam, M., Oliver, J., O'Donoghue, P., & Tong, R. (2013). Activity profile during action time in national silat competition. Journal of Combat Sports & Martial Arts, 4(1).

Shapie, M. N. M., Oliver, J., O'Donoghue, P., & Tong, R. (2013). Activity profile during action time in national silat competition (Vol. 4, pp. 81-86): Index Copernicus Ltd.

Pencak Silat in the Indonesian Archipelago Rapid Journal, Vol 4, No. 2 (Book 12, 1999: 38 –

            The Pencak Silat Rules & Regulations (PDF) http://www.usasilat.org/competitions

Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Category Vietnam vs Singapore: 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved at May 4, 2016 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdKHSsMioug

Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Category Vietnam vs Singapore ; 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved at May 4, 2016 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eruVei7Pdg

Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Men's Class C Semi-Final Vietnam  vs Indonesia; 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved at May 4, 2016 fromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38l1L7K_Bf0

Sport Singapore. (2015). Pencak Silat Tanding Men's Class E Semi-Final Vietnam vs Indonesia; 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Retrieved at May 4, 2016 fromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L62CI3MJ-8A







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